From ancient times to the present, people have regarded koi fish as auspicious creatures capable of bringing good luck, calling them the “living gemstones of the water.” The saying “a fish leaping over the dragon gate” symbolizes passing imperial examinations, gaining promotions, achieving success, and also represents perseverance, determination, and striving upward against the current.
“The Carp Leaping Over the Dragon Gate” is one of the most widely used auspicious patterns in China and is also a common theme in traditional Chinese New Year paintings. It has been passed down for generations, symbolizing abundance, celebration, and prosperity.
A Mount From the Immortal Realm
During the Qin and Han dynasties, there were many folk myths and legends about carp. People believed carp possessed spirituality, could communicate with the divine, and had extraordinary abilities. They were even regarded as the trusted mounts responsible for transporting immortals between heaven and earth.
One famous story is illustrated in “Qin Gao Riding a Carp,” which depicts the immortal musician Qin Gao from the Warring States period riding away on a carp while bidding farewell to his disciples. In the painting, violent winds rise near the water, waves surge, white mist fills the air, and leaves scatter along the shore. This mysterious heavenly phenomenon became a classic atmosphere associated with immortals appearing in mythological worlds.

Today, young people often joke about “koi possession” or repost koi images online as daily lucky charms. This trend also comes from the historical symbolism of carp in China, where koi once represented a sacred connection between heaven and earth and carried an imperial-level status.
The “Old Book of Tang” records that during the Tang Dynasty, because the word for carp sounded the same as the imperial family surname “Li,” Emperor Xuanzong twice issued decrees banning the catching of carp throughout the country.
From then on, carp and dragons became equal in symbolic status and meaning, and the transformation between fish and dragon became an important image within Taoist culture.
Farmers in Yamakoshi Village, Niigata Prefecture, Japan, discovered unusually colorful carp while working in the fields. However, these bright mutations were not favorable for survival in the wild because they made the fish easier targets for predators. To protect them, people brought the fish indoors to raise them.
Later, breeding techniques improved, leading to the cultivation of pale yellow koi with net-like patterns. Over time, koi breeding flourished. After more than a century of selective breeding, there are now over one hundred varieties across sixteen major categories of koi swimming in garden ponds around the world.
In ancient times, however, koi were reserved only for royalty, nobles, temples, and shrines. Ordinary people rarely had the opportunity to see such noble fish.
One of the most wonderful aspects of raising koi is that as they age and as environmental conditions and water temperatures change, their patterns, colors, and shapes also transform. It feels as though one is painting an evolving ink artwork upon the body of the koi itself, bringing a deep sense of accomplishment.
A snake cultivates for a thousand years to become a python.
A python cultivates for a thousand years to become a giant serpent.
A giant serpent cultivates for another thousand years to become a flood dragon.
Only after another thousand years can the flood dragon become a true dragon.
Yet a carp can become a dragon with a single leap.
This represents the koi’s “luck” and “opportunity.”
But when the carp swims upstream and faces the waterfall, it never retreats in fear. Instead, it gathers all its strength to leap upward, willing to risk everything, even its life.
Koi are symbols of luck, but while admiring their good fortune, people should also remember the koi’s hard work, courage, and fearless spirit.